Treatments for Benign Tumors, Cancers, Neoplasias, and/or Other Inflammatory Disorders or Diseases

ABSTRACT

The subject invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of benign tumors, cancers, neoplasias, and/or other inflammatory disorders or diseases. In the practice of the subject invention, an anti-convulsant agent, such as topiramate, is administered to an individual.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/726,327, filed Dec. 1, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,477, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/430,634, filed Dec. 2, 2002, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures, tables, and drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of benign tumors, cancers, neoplasias, and/or other inflammatory disorders or diseases. In the practice of the subject invention, an anti-convulsant agent, such as topiramate, is administered to an individual, optionally, with additional therapeutic agents for the treatment of the aforementioned conditions.

Exemplary benign tumors that can be treated according to the subject invention include, and are not limited to, hemangiomas such as cavernous hemangioma, hepatocellular adenoma, cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, acoustic neuromas, neurofibroma, bile duct adenoma, bile duct cystanoma, fibroma, lipomas, benign bone tumors, leiomyomas, mesotheliomas, teratomas, myxomas, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, trachomas and granulomatous inflammatory diseases both infectious, such as pyogenic granulomas, and non-infectious or idiopathic, such as sarcoidosis and berylliosis.

Specific types of cancers or neoplasias, both primary and secondary, that can be treated in accordance with this this invention include both carcinomas and sarcomas. Non-limiting examples of specific carcinomas and sarcomas include leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, neurological tumors of the brain, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglioneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian cancer, leiomyomas, cervical dysplasia and other in sitli carcinomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcomas, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythemia vera, adenocarcinomas, glioblastoma multiform a, leukemias, lymphomas, melanoma, and epidermoid carcinomas.

The subject invention can also be used to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders or diseases including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, mumps (eg., myxo virus infections), meningitis, encephalitis, inflammation of the larynx (e.g., laryngotracheitis (croup); supraglottitis (epiglottitis); diphtheria; spasmodic croup, traumatic laryngitis; common upper respiratory infection; laryngotracheitis supraglottitis; laryngeal abscess), chronic (granulomatous) diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, scieroma, actinomycosis, tularemia, glanders, spirochetal (syphilis), candidiasis blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cicatricial pemphigoid, relapsing polychondritis, Sjogren's syndrome, amyloidosis, trichinosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, syngamus laryngeus, inhalation laryngitis (e.g., acute (thermal) injury, pollution and inhalant allergy, and carcinogens), radiation injury (e.g., radiation laryngitis or radionecrosis) and vocal abuse and misuse syndromes (such as vocal-cord hemorrhage, muscle tension dysphonias, and contact ulcer and granuloma).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color, Copies of this patent or patent application publication, with color drawing(s), will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1A, depicts the size of a lipoma on a dog treated with topiramate for 24 days. FIG. 1B illustrates the reduction in lipoma size on the dog after topiramate had been administered for 59 days (25 mg/day administered once per day). The lipoma had shrunk considerably while the animal was on topiramate

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of benign tumors, cancers, neoplasias, and/or other inflammatory disorders or diseases. In the practice of the subject invention, topiramate is administered to an individual in amounts sufficient to mediate a therapeutic effect in the individual. In a preferred embodiment, the administration of topiramate decreases inflammation (or swelling) associated with a particular disease or disorder. For example, inflammation is associated with a variety of diseases such as benign tumors, malignant tumors, cancers, or neoplasias, viral infections, bacterial infections, or fungal infections. Thus, the subject invention provides a method of treating inflammation or swelling associated with a disease or disorder comprising the administration of topiramate in amounts sufficient to reduce or eliminate the disease or disorder associated swelling.

In accordance with the instant invention, topiramate can be administered alone to the individual or in combination with other therapeutic agents or modalities used to treat a particular disease or disorder. For example, topiramate can be used with any conventional chemotherapeutic agent(s) used in the treatment of benign or malignant tumors, cancers, or neoplasias, radiation treatment, or surgical intervention (e.g., tumor resection). Thus, it is also an aspect of this invention that anti-convulsant compositions described herein, can be combined with other chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of the diseases and disorders discussed above. For instance, an anti-convulsant formulation according to the invention can be combined with alkylating agents such as fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in further combination with leukovorin; or other alkylating agents such as, without limitation, other pyrimidine analogs such as UFT, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine; the alkyl sulfonates, e.g., busulfan (used in the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia), improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines, e.g., benzodepa, carboquone, meturedepa and uredepa; ethyleneimines and methylmelamines, e.g., altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethio-phosphoramide and trimethylolmelamine; and the nitrogen mustards, e.g., chlorambucil (used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, primary macroglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), cyclophosphamide (used in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma), estramustine, ifosfamide, novembrichin, prednimustine and uracil mustard (used in the treatment of primary thrombocytosis, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and ovarian cancer); and triazines, e.g., dacarbazine (used in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma). Likewise the formulation of the invention can be expected to have a beneficial effect in combination with other antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents such as, without limitation, folic acid analogs, e.g. methotrexate (used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungiodes breast cancer, head and neck cancer and osteogenic sarcoma) and pteropterin; and the purine analogs such as mercaptopurine and thioguanine which find use in the treatment of acute granulocytic, acute lymphocytic and chronic granulocytic leukemias. The formulation according to the present invention can also be expected to prove efficacious in combination with natural product based chemotherapeutic agents such as, without limitation, the vinca alkaloids, e.g., vinblastin (used in the treatment of breast and testicular cancer), vincristine and vindesine; the epipodophylotoxins, e.g., etoposide and teniposide, both of which are useful in the treatment of testicular cancer and Kaposils sarcoma; the antibiotic chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and mitomycin (used to treat stomach, cervix, colon, breast, bladder and pancreatic cancer), dactinomycin, temozolomide, plicamycin, bleomycin (used in the treatment of skin, esophagus and genitourinary tract cancer); nemorubicin and the enzymatic chemotherapeutic agents such as L-asparaginase. In addition to the above, the formulation of the present invention can be expected to have a beneficial effect used in combination with other platinum coordination complexes, e.g., cisplatin and carboplatin; substituted ureas such as hydroxyurea; methylhydrazine derivatives, e.g., procarbazine; adrenocortical suppressants, e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide; and hormone and hormone antagonists such as the adrenocorticosteriods (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate); estrogens (e.g., diethylstilbesterol); antiestrogens such as tamoxifen; androgens, e.g., testosterone propionate; and aromatase inhibitors (such as, e.g., formestane, fadrozole, letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane). In other embodiments, anti-convulsant compositions of the subject invention can further comprise therapeutic agents such as anti-fungal agents, anti-viral agents, or antibiotics typically used to treat fungal, viral, or bacterial infections.

Exemplary benign tumors that can be treated according to the subject invention include, and are not limited to, hemangiomas such as cavernous hemangioma, hepatocellular adenoma, cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, acoustic neuromas, neurofibroma, bile duct adenoma, bile duct cystanoma, fibroma, lipomas, benign bone tumors, leiomyomas, mesotheliomas, teratomas, myxomas, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, trachomas and granulomatous inflammatory diseases both infectious, such as pyogenic granulomas, and non-infectious or idiopathic, such as sarcoidosis and berylliosis.

Specific types of malignant cancers, tumors, or neoplasias that can be treated in accordance with this invention include both carcinomas and sarcomas. Non-limiting examples of specific carcinomas and sarcomas include leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, neurological tumors of the brain, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglioneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian cancer, leiomyomas, cervical dysplasia and other in situ carcinomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcomas, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythemia vera, adenocarcinomas, glioblastoma multiform a, leukemias, lymphomas, melanoma, and epidermoid carcinomas.

The subject invention can also be used to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders or diseases including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, mumps (e.g., myxo virus infections), meningitis, encephalitis, inflammation of the larynx (e.g., laryngotracheitis (croup); supraglottitis (epiglottitis); diphtheria; spasmodic croup, traumatic laryngitis; common upper respiratory infection; laryngotracheitis supraglottitis; laryngeal abscess), chronic (granulomatous) diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, scleroma, actinomycosis, tularemia, glanders, spirochetal (syphilis), candidiasis blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cicatricial pemphigoid, relapsing polychondritis, Sjogren's syndrome, amyloidosis, trichinosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, syngamus laryngeus, inhalation laryngitis (e.g., acute (thermal) injury, pollution and inhalant allergy, and carcinogens), radiation injury (e.g., radiation laryngitis or radionecrosis) and vocal abuse and misuse syndromes (such as vocal-cord hemorrhage, muscle tension dysphonias, and contact ulcer and granuloma).

The subject invention provides methods having both human and veterinary utility. The term “individual” includes animals of avian, mammalian, or reptilian origin. Mammalian species which benefit from the disclosed methods include, and are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; domesticated animals (pets) such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, rabbits, and ferrets; domesticated farm animals such as cows, buffalo, bison, horses, donkey, swine, sheep, and goats; exotic animals typically found in zoos, such as bear, lions, tigers, panthers, elephants, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, sloth, gazelles, zebras, wildebeests, prairie dogs, koala bears, kangaroo, duckbill platypus, opossums, raccoons, pandas, giant pandas, hyena, seals, sea lions, and elephant seals. Reptiles include, and are not limited to, alligators, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, snakes, iguanas, and/or other lizards. Avian species include, and are not limited to, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quail, parrots, macaws, dove, Guinea hens, lovebirds, parakeets, flamingos, eagles, hawks, falcons, condor, ostriches, peacocks, ducks, and swans.

Compounds of formulas I-V are anti-epileptic compounds, which are highly effective anti-convulsants. The compounds useful in the practice of the instant invention include the individual isomers, analogs, and homologs of the disclosed anti-convulsant compounds. Racemic mixtures, as well as the isolated enantiomeric forms, of the compounds can also be used in the practice of the subject invention.

In addition, the compounds useful for the practice of the subject invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example; alkali metal salts, such as sodium or potassium, ammonium salts, dialkyammonium salts, trialkylammonium salts, tetraalkylammonium salts, and tromethamine salts. Hydrates and other solvates of the compounds are also included within the scope of the compounds useful in the practice of this invention.

One such compound is taught and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,006, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate, known as topiramate, has been demonstrated in clinical trials of human epilepsy to be effective as adjunctive therapy or as monotherapy in treating simple and complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized seizures. Other useful compounds include those described by formula I, including (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methane sulfamate, and 2, 3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose methylsulfamate

wherein

X₁ is CH₂ or oxygen;

R₁ is hydrogen or alkyl; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, and R₅ are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl and, when X₁ is CH₂, R₄, and R₅ may be alkene groups joined to form a benzene ring and, when X₁ is oxygen, R₂ and R₃ and/or R₄ and R₅ together may be a methylenedioxy group of the following formula:

wherein R₆ and R₇ are the same or different and are hydrogen, lower alkyl or are alkyl and are joined to form a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring.

For compounds of formula I, R₁ may be hydrogen or an alkyl of about 1 to 4 carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. Alkyl includes straight and branched chain alkyl. For compounds of formula I, Alkyl groups for R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are of about 1 to 3 carbons and include methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and N-propyl.

When X₁ is C₁₋₂, R₄ and R₅ may combine to form a benzene ring fused to the 6-membered X₁-containing ring, i.e., R₄ and R₅ are defined by the alkatrienyl group ═CH—CH═CH—H═.

In one embodiment, X₁ is oxygen and both R₂ and R₃ and R₄ and R₅ together are methylenedioxy groups of the formula wherein R₆ and R₇ are both hydrogen, both alkyl or combine to form a spiro cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring, in particularly where R₆ and R₇ are both alkyl such as methyl. In another embodiment, X₁ is CH₂ and R₄ and R₅ are joined to form a benzene ring. Another embodiment provides compounds of formula (I) wherein both R) and R₃ are hydrogen.

Other compounds (formulas II-VI) and compositions useful in the practice of the subject invention may be found in the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,384,327, 5,498,629, 5,654,461, 5,892,088, and 6,071,537, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entireties.

These compounds include those provided by the structure:

wherein R₆ and R₇ may be the same or different and are selected from any of hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ alkyl. In one embodiment, R₆ and R₇ are each hydrogen.

R₈ and R₉ may be the same or different and are selected from any of hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ allkyl. In one embodiment, R₈ and R₉ are each C₁ to C₄ alkyl.

R₁₀ and R₁, may be the same or different and are selected from any of azido, halogen, hydroxyl, sulfamoyl (H₂NSO₂O), C₁ to C₄ alkoxy, C₁ to C₄ alkyl thiocarbonate (RSC(O)O), C₁ to C₄ alkyl carbonate (ROC(O)O), or C₁ to C₄ alkyl carboxylate (RC(O)O), wherein R is C₁ to C₄ alkyl. In one embodiment, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are selected from any of C₁-C₄ alkyl thiocarbonate, halogen or hydroxyl.

For compounds of formula II, the terms alkyl and alkoxy include straight and branched chains. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl. Halogen includes bromine, chlorine, fluoride and iodine.

Preferred compounds of the formula (II) are those wherein the pyran ring is in the L-sorbopyranose absolute configuration. Particularly preferred compounds of formula (II) are those wherein the pyran ring is in the L-sorbopyranose absolute configuration, R₆ and R₇ are each hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are each methyl; R₁₀ is methyl thiocarbonate (CH₃SC(O)O) and R₁ is halogen; or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are both halogen; or R₁₀ is hydroxyl and R₁₁ is halogen. Particularly preferred halogens include bromine, chlorine, and iodine.

Specific examples of compounds of formula (II) are: (1) 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-(1-methylethylidene)-4-[methylthiocarbonyl)]-α-L-sorbopyranose sulfamate, (i.e., where the compound is in the L-sorbopyranose absolute configuration, R₆ and R₇ are hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are methyl, R₁₀ is CH₃SC(O)O, and R₁₁ is iodine); (2) 4,5-dibromo-4,5-dideoxy-2,3-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-sorbopyranose sulfamate, (i.e., where the compound is in the L-sorbopyranose absolute configuration, R₆ and R₇ are hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are methyl, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are bromine); and (3) 5-chloro-5-deoxy-2,3-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-sorbopyranose sulfamate, (i.e., where the compound is in the L-sorbopyranose absolute configuration, R₆ and R₇ are hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are methyl, R₁₀ is hydroxyl, and R₁₁ is chlorine).

Another compound useful in the practice of the invention is described in Formula III:

wherein R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and are selected from any of hydrogen, alkyl (C₁ to C₆), cycloalkyl (C₃-C₇), allyl, or benzyl. In one embodiment, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each hydrogen. R₁₄ and R₁₅ are the same or different and selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl.

X₂ may be chosen from carbon (C) or sulfur (S), with the stipulation that when X₂ is carbon, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are the same or different and are selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl, whereas when X₂ is sulfur one of R₁₆ and R₁₇ is oxygen and the other is a lone pair of electrons or both R₁₆ and R₁₇ are oxygen.

For compounds of formula III, the term alkyl includes straight and branched chains. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl.

Particularly preferred compounds of formula ITT are: (1) (1R,2R,3S,4S)-(1, 2:3,4-di-O-methylethylidenecyclohexan-1,2,3,4-tetraol-r-yl)methyl sulfamate, (i.e., where R₁₂ and R₁₃ are hydrogen, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are methyl and X₂ is carbon); (2) (1R,2S,3S,4S)-(3,4-O-methylethylidene-1,2-O-sulfonyl-cyclohexan-1,2,3,4-tetraol-4-yl) methyl sulfamate, (i.e., where R₁₂ and R₁₃ are hydrogen, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are methyl, R₁₆ is oxygen and R₁₇ is an electron pair and X₂ is sulfur); and (3) (1R,2S,3S,4S)-(3,4-O-methylethylidene-1,2-O-sulfonyl-cyclohexan-1,2,3,4-tetraol-4-yl)methyl sulfamate, (i.e., where R₁₂ and R₁₃ are hydrogen, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are methyl, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are both oxygen and X₂ is sulfur).

Another compound useful in the subject invention is

Other compounds useful in the practice of the invention include those of Formula V

wherein, AR is represented by the following formulas:

Y is selected from the group consisting of halogens such as F, Cl, Br and I, or trifluoromethyl and alkyl groups containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms when Y alone is attached to the benzene ring; when X₃, which may be S or O, is present, Y is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl and alkyl groups containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms. R₁₈, R₁₉, R₂₀, and R₂₁, may be identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl groups containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl groups containing 3 to 16 carbon atoms and aryl groups containing 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and NR₁₈R₁₉ and NR₂₀R₂₁, identical or different, each may form a 3 to 7-membered aliphatic cyclic compound together with another nitrogen atom or oxygen atom.

Compositions useful in the practice of this invention comprise one or more of the compounds of formulas I-V admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier and, optionally, additional therapeutic agents as set forth above. The compositions may be made according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Thus, the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., injection, oral, suppository, topical, or parenteral. In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise additional therapeutic agents used to treat a particular disease, disorder, benign tumor, or malignancy.

In preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed. Thus, for liquid oral preparations, such as for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like; for solid oral preparations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like.

Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques. Suppositories may be prepared, in which case cocoa butter could be used as the carrier.

For parenterals, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, though other ingredients, for example, for purposes such as aiding solubility or for preservation, may be included. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed.

Other compositions useful in the practice of the subject invention include salves, cosmetics, ointments, and the like. Such compositions may be topically applied to a site or incorporated into articles of manufacture including, but not limited to, bandages, adhesive strips for the covering of wounds (e.g., BANDAID brand adhesive strips), or transdermal patches. Carriers such as cocoa butter, viscous polyethylene glycols, hydrogenated oils, and such mixtures can be emulsified if desired.

Compounds of the subject invention may also be incorporated into cosmetics. Additional materials and substances suitable as carriers for the compounds of formulas I-V are described in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 8^(th) Edition (The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA), 2000), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Where the pharmaceutical compositions are aerosols, the active ingredients can be packaged in pressurized aerosol containers with a propellant, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen, propane, etc. with the usual adjuvants such as cosolvents, wetting agents, etc.

In accordance with the invention, pharmaceutical compositions comprise, as an inactive ingredient, an effective amount of one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient(s). Examples of such ingredients for use in the compositions include ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, silica, alumina, starch, calcium carbonate, talc, flour, and equivalent non-toxic carriers and diluents.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder injection, teaspoonful, suppository, bandage, and the like, from about 0.1 to about 2000 mg; about 100 to about 1900 mg; about 200 to about 1800 mg; about 300 to about 1700 mg; about 400 to about 1600 mg; about 500 to about 1500 mg; about 600 to about 1400 mg; about 700 to about 1300 mg; or about 800 to about 1200 mg of the active ingredient (anti-convulsant agents, such as the compounds of Formulae I-V). In a preferred embodiment, the compositions comprise about 10 mg to 400 mg, or more preferably about 10 mg to about 200 mg per dosage unit. In an even more preferred embodiment, the compositions contain comprise about 20 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient. In another embodiment, the compositions comprise about 25 mg of active ingredient per unit dose.

Topiramate is currently available for oral administration in round tablets containing 25 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of active agent. The tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: lactose hydrous, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, purified water, carnauba wax, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, synthetic iron oxide, and polysorbate 80.

Thus, as illustrated herein, the subject invention provides the following non-limiting embodiments:

1. A method for treating or controlling or reducing swelling (or inflammation) associated with a disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasia in an individual comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an anti-convulsant agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier;

2. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of a disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasias;

3. The method according to embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasia is selected from the group consisting of hemangiomas such as cavernous hemangioma, hepatocellular adenoma, cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, acoustic neuromas, neurofibroma, bile duct adenoma, bile duct cystanoma, fibroma, lipomas, benign bone tumors, leiomyomas, mesotheliomas, teratomas, myxomas, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, trachomas and granulomatous inflammatory diseases both infectious, such as pyogenic granulomas, sarcoidosis, berylliosis, leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, neurological tumors of the brain, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglioneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian cancer, leiomyomas, cervical dysplasia and other in situ carcinomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcomas, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythemia vera, adenocarcinomas, astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiform a, leukemias, lymphomas, melanoma, epidermoid carcinomas, inflammatory disorders or diseases including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, mumps (e.g., myxo virus infections), meningitis, encephalitis, inflammation of the larynx (e.g., laryngotracheitis (croup); supraglottitis (epiglottitis); diphtheria; spasmodic croup, traumatic laryngitis; common upper respiratory infection; liaryngotracheitis supraglottitis; laryngeal abscess), chronic (granulomatous) diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, scleroma, actinomycosis, tularemia, glanders, spirochetal (syphilis), candidiasis blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cicatricial pemphigoid, relapsing polychondritis, Sjogren's syndrome, amyloidosis, trichinosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, syngamus laryngeus, inhalation laryngitis (e.g., acute (thermal) injury, pollution and inhalant allergy, and carcinogens), radiation injury (e.g., radiation laryngitis or radionecrosis), vocal abuse and misuse syndromes (such as vocal-cord hemorrhage, muscle tension dysphonias, and contact ulcer and granuloma); and

4. The method according to any preceding embodiment, wherein the “individual” includes animals of avian, mammalian, or reptilian origin. Mammalian species which benefit from the disclosed methods include, and are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; domesticated animals (pets) such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, rabbits, and ferrets; domesticated farm animals such as cows, buffalo, bison, horses, donkey, swine, sheep, and goats; exotic animals typically found in zoos, such as bear, lions, tigers, panthers, elephants, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, sloth, gazelles, zebras, wildebeests, prairie dogs, koala bears, duckbill platypus, kangaroo, opossums, raccoons, pandas, giant pandas, hyena, seals, sea lions, and elephant seals. Reptiles include, and are not limited to, alligators, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, snakes, iguanas, and/or other lizards. Avian species include, and are not limited to, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quail, parrots, macaws, dove, Guinea hens, lovebirds, parakeets, flamingos, eagles, hawks, falcons, condor, ostriches, peacocks, ducks, and swans; and

5. The method according to any preceding embodiment, wherein the anti-convulsant agent is one or more compound as set forth in Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V (or individual isomers, analogs, homologs of the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V and/or combinations of individual isomers, analogs, homologs of the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V) and can be administered alone to the individual or in combination with other therapeutic agents or modalities used to treat a particular disease or disorder (e.g., the compositions comprise one or more compound as set forth in Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V (or individual isomers, analogs, homologs of the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V and/or combinations of individual isomers, analogs, homologs of the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, or V) and, optionally, a therapeutic agent). For example, topiramate can be used with any conventional chemotherapeutic agent(s) used in the treatment of benign or malignant tumors, cancers, or neoplasias, radiation treatment, or surgical intervention (e.g., tumor resection). Thus, it is also an aspect of this invention that anti-convulsant compositions described herein, can be combined with other chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of the diseases and disorders discussed above. For instance, an anti-convulsant formulation according to the invention can be combined with alkylating agents such as fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in further combination with leukovorin; or other alkylating agents such as, without limitation, other pyrimidine analogs such as UFT, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine; the alkyl sulfonates, e.g., busulfan (used in the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia), improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines, e.g., benzodepa, carboquone, meturedepa and uredepa; ethyleneimines and methylmelamines, e.g., altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethio-phosphoramide and trimethylolmelamine; and the nitrogen mustards, e.g., chlorambucil (used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, primary macroglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), cyclophosphamide (used in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma), estramustine, ifosfamide, novembrichin, prednimustine and uracil mustard (used in the treatment of primary thrombocytosis, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and ovarian cancer); and triazines, e.g., dacarbazine (used in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma). Likewise the formulation of the invention can be expected to have a beneficial effect in combination with other antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents such as, without limitation, folic acid analogs, e.g. methotrexate (used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungiodes breast cancer, head and neck cancer and osteogenic sarcoma) and pteropterin; and the purine analogs such as mercaptopurine and thioguanine which find use in the treatment of acute granulocytic, acute lymphocytic and chronic granulocytic leukemias. The formulation according to the present invention can also be expected to prove efficacious in combination with natural product based chemotherapeutic agents such as, without limitation, the vinca alkaloids, e.g., vinblastin (used in the treatment of breast and testicular cancer), vincristine and vindesine; the epipodophylotoxins, e.g., etoposide and teniposide, both of which are useful in the treatment of testicular cancer and Kaposils sarcoma; the antibiotic chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and mitomycin (used to treat stomach, cervix, colon, breast, bladder and pancreatic cancer), dactinomycin, temozolomide, plicamycin, bleomycin (used in the treatment of skin, esophagus and genitourinary tract cancer); nemorubicin and the enzymatic chemotherapeutic agents such as L-asparaginase. In addition to the above, the formulation of the present invention can be expected to have a beneficial effect used in combination with other platinum coordination complexes, e.g., cisplatin and carboplatin; substituted ureas such as hydroxyurea; methylhydrazine derivatives, e.g., procarbazine; adrenocortical suppressants, e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide; and hormone and hormone antagonists such as the adrenocorticosteriods (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate); estrogens (e.g., diethylstilbesterol); antiestrogens such as tamoxifen; androgens, e.g., testosterone propionate; and aromatase inhibitors (such as, e.g., formestane, fadrozole, letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane). In other embodiments, anti-convulsant compositions of the subject invention can further comprise anti-fungal agents, anti-viral agents, or antibiotics typically used to treat fungal, viral, or bacterial infections.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended embodiments. All publications and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

EXAMPLE 1 Effects of Topiramate on Lipoma

A 12-year-old female neutered German Shorthaired Pointer (30.8 kg) has had a large lipoma for 6 years duration on the right rib cage of the animal. FIG. 1A shows the dog (on 25 mg a day of topiramate) after 24 days. FIG. 1B illustrates the reduction in lipoma mass on the dog after topiramate had been administered for 59 days (25 mg/day administered once per day) The lipoma had shrunk considerably while the animal was on topiramate. 

1. A method for treating or controlling or reducing swelling or inflammation associated with a disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasia in an individual comprising the administration of a effective amount of a composition comprising an anti-convulsant agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to said individual, wherein said effective amount is sufficient to reduce or eliminate the disease or disorder associated swelling.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of a disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasias.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasia is selected from the group consisting of cavernous hemangioma, hepatocellular adenoma, cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, acoustic neuromas, neurofibroma, bile duct adenoma, bile duct cystanoma, fibroma, lipomas, benign bone tumors, leiomyomas, mesotheliomas, teratomas, myxomas, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, trachomas, granulomatous inflammatory disease, pyogenic granulomas, sarcoidosis, berylliosis, leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, neurological tumors of the brain, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys, basal cell carcinoma, ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma papillary squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglioneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian cancer, leiomyomas, cervical dysplasia, in situ carcinomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, sarcomas, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythemia vera, adenocarcinomas, astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforma, leukemias, lymphomas, melanoma, epidermoid carcinomas, inflammatory bowel disease, mumps, meningitis, encephalitis, inflammation of the larynx, laryngotracheitis (croup), supraglottitis (epiglottitis), diphtheria, spasmodic croup, traumatic laryngitis, common upper respiratory infection, laryngotracheitis supraglottitis, laryngeal abscess, tuberculosis, leprosy, scleroma, actinomycosis, tularemia, glanders, syphilis, candidiasis blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cicatricial pemphigoid, relapsing polychondritis, Sjogren's syndrome, amyloidosis, trichinosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, syngamus laryngeus, inhalation laryngitis, radiation injury, vocal-cord hemorrhage, muscle tension dysphonias, and contact ulcers.
 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the disease, disorder, benign tumor, malignant tumor, malignant cancer, or malignant neoplasia is selected from the group consisting of cavernous hemangioma, hepatocellular adenoma, cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, acoustic neuromas, neurofibroma, bile duct adenoma, bile duct cystanoma, fibroma, lipomas, benign bone tumors, leiomyomas, mesotheliomas, teratomas, myxomas, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, trachomas, granulomatous inflammatory disease, pyogenic granulomas, sarcoidosis, berylliosis, leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, neurological tumors of the brain, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys, basal cell carcinoma, ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma papillary squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglioneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian cancer, leiomyomas, cervical dysplasia, in situ carcinomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, sarcomas, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythemia vera, adenocarcinomas, astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiform a, leukemias, lymphomas, melanoma, epidermoid carcinomas, inflammatory bowel disease, mumps, meningitis, encephalitis, inflammation of the larynx, laryngotracheitis (croup), supraglottitis (epiglottitis), diphtheria, spasmodic croup, traumatic laryngitis, common upper respiratory infection, laryngotracheitis supraglottitis, laryngeal abscess, tuberculosis, leprosy, scleroma, actinomycosis, tularemia, glanders, syphilis, candidiasis blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cicatricial pemphigoid, relapsing polychondritis, Sjogren's syndrome, amyloidosis, trichinosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, syngamus laryngeus, inhalation laryngitis, radiation injury, vocal-cord hemorrhage, muscle tension dysphonias, and contact ulcers.
 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein said additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents, vinca alkaloids, antibiotic chemotherapeutic agents, enzymatic chemotherapeutic agents, platinum coordination complexes, substituted ureas, adrenocortical suppressants, hormone and hormone antagonists, antiestrogens, androgens, aromatase inhibitors, anti-fungal agents, anti-viral agents, or antibiotics.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said anti-convulsant is topiramate.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said anti-convulsant agent is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein X₁ is CH₂ or oxygen; R₁ is hydrogen or alkyl; and R₂, R₃, R₄, and R₅ are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl and, R₂ and R₃ and/or R₄ and R₅ together may be a methylenedioxy group of the following formula:

wherein R₆ and R₇ are the same or different and are hydrogen, lower alkyl or are alkyl and are joined to form a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring,

wherein R₆ and R₇ may be the same or different and are hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ alkyl; wherein R₈ and R₉ may be the same or different and are hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ alkyl; wherein R₁₀ and R₁, may be the same or different and are azido, halogen, hydroxyl, sulfamoyl (H₂NSO₂O), C₁ to C₄ alkoxy, C₁ to C₄ alkyl thiocarbonate (RSC(O)O), C₁ to C₄ alkyl carbonate (ROC(O)O), or C₁ to C₄ alkyl carboxylate (RC(O)O), wherein R is C₁ to C₄ alkyl,

wherein R₁₂ and R₁₃ may be the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl (C₁ to C₆), cycloalkyl (C₃-C₇), allyl, or benzyl; R₁₄ and R₁₅ are the same or different and selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl; and X₂ may be chosen from carbon (C) or sulfur (S), with the stipulation that when X₂ is carbon, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are the same or different and are selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl, whereas when X₂ is sulfur one of R₁₆ and R₁₇ is oxygen and the other is a lone pair of electrons or both R₁₆ and R₁₇ are oxygen,

wherein, AR is represented by the following formulas;

Y is selected from the group consisting of halogens, trifluoromethyl and alkyl groups containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms when Y alone is attached to the benzene ring; or when X₃, which may be S or O, is present, Y is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl and alkyl groups containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R₁₈, R₁₉, R₂₀, and R₂₁, may be identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl groups containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl groups containing 3 to 16 carbon atoms and aryl groups containing 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and NR₁₈R₁₉ and NR₂₀R₂₁, which may be identical or different, each may form a 3 to 7-membered aliphatic cyclic compound together with another nitrogen atom or oxygen atom. 